Socio-economic vulnerability and deaths of despair in Brazilian counties.

Over the past few years, there has been a progressive increase in premature deaths attributable to suicide, drug overdose, and alcohol-related liver disease that impact life expectancy. Regarding the relationship with contextual effects, the evidence is developing, especially in countries with a peripheral economy, as is the case of Brazil. We carried out an analysis aimed at estimating the relationship between socioeconomic insecurity and deaths due to despair in Brazilian cities. We used 5,570 counties' data to create clusters concerning socioeconomic development and then analyzed age-adjusted mortality rates (ASMR) from each of them and compared them using the ANOVA test. Cluster analysis generated two groups of Brazilian municipalities. DoD rates are consistently higher in the group that experiences more deprivation. However, considering differences between 2010 and 2019, the increase in rates was higher in the group with less deprivation experience (48.82 % vs. 39.53 %) We verified an existing gap between the clusters before the beginning of economic stagnation in 2010 The gap between those two groups decreased from 20.58 % (p < 0.001) in 2010 to 14.03 % in 2019 (p = 0.034). The conjuncture of economic crises creates mortality differentials in certain population groups. Also, significant inequalities explain how causes of death from despair affect different subpopulations. Our first approach assessed this assumption, and we could check those differentials at an ecological level. Public policies should focus on reducing the difference in mortality from despair between higher and lower socioeconomic strata.

Anxiety and depression disorders in oncological patients under palliative care at a hospital service: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the risk and protective factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients at an advanced stage of cancer. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with advanced cancer who were receiving palliative care. Cancer patients aged 18 years or older, with preserved cognitive function who completed the questionnaires were eligible. The questionnaires of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and health related of quality of life questionnaire; the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-C30) were applied. Outcome variables were the depression and anxiety symptoms of cancer patients under palliative care, according to the answers to the 14 items that make up the HADS Scale. The analysis used the R software, version 4.2.0. RESULTS: Seventy cancer patients with advanced cancer were included. The colon was the most common neoplastic diagnostic (20%), followed by breast (12.9%) and lung (10%). The prevalence of depression was 44.3%, 25.7% anxiety and 52.9% had both symptoms. Patients with a high level of functionality had a lower chance of anxiety (OR = 0.80;p = 0.025), depression (OR = 0.82; p = 0.007), and anxiety and depression (OR = 0.82p = 0.008). We observed a lower chance of depression and depression/anxiety who showed a high level of Overall Performance. Three symptoms increased the chance of depression/anxiety: nausea/vomiting (p = 0.019), fatigue (0.031), loss of appetite (0.048). CONCLUSION: This study found high prevalence of anxiety and depression.Better quality of life and functionality were negatively associated with these outcomes. Examining the patient's functions will assist the clinician in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression, giving cancer patients in palliative care more dignity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Female Homicides in Brazil and Its Major Regions (1980-2019): An Analysis of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects.

The objective was to analyze the temporal effects of age, period, and cohort on mortality from all female homicides, and from female homicides and by firearms, in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data were accessed from Brazilian health records. There was an increase in the risk of death in the 2000s in the North and Northeast regions and a decrease in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. Younger women had a higher risk of death than women born between 1950 and 1954. The findings may be correlated with the inefficiency of the Brazilian state in protecting female victims of violence.

Factors associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer. / Fatores associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama.

The present retrospective study investigated factors associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer of a cohort of 12,100 cases of health facilities qualified for high complexity in oncology within the scope of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) of Rio de Janeiro between 2013 and 2019. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of all cases, 82.1% were submitted to the first treatment >60 days. Patients without previous diagnosis history, higher education and in stages III and IV were less likely to have their first treatment >60 days, while treatment at a health facility outside the capital showed a higher probability. Patients with a previous diagnosis history, aged ≥50, non-white race/skin color and in stage I were more likely to be submitted to their first treatment >60 days, while subjects with higher education, treated in a health facility outside the capital and in stage IV showed a lower probability. To summarize, sociodemographic, clinical and health facility-related factors are associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer.

Este estudo retrospectivo investigou fatores associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama entre 12.100 casos assistidos em estabelecimentos de saúde habilitados para a alta complexidade em oncologia no âmbito do SUS localizados no Rio de Janeiro entre 2013 e 2019. Regressão logística multivariada estimou razões de chances e intervalos de 95% de confiança. Foram submetidos ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias 82,1% dos casos. Entre aqueles sem histórico de diagnóstico anterior, alta escolaridade e estadiamento III e IV exibiram menor probabilidade de submissão ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias, enquanto tratamento em estabelecimento de saúde não localizado na capital exibiu probabilidade maior. Entre aqueles com histórico de diagnóstico anterior, idade ≥50 anos, raça/cor da pele não branca e estadiamento I exibiram maior probabilidade de submissão ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias, enquanto alta escolaridade, tratamento em estabelecimento de saúde não localizado na capital e estadiamento IV exibiram probabilidade menor. Em suma, fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e relacionados ao estabelecimento de saúde estão associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama.

Fatores associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama / Factors associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer

Resumo Este estudo retrospectivo investigou fatores associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama entre 12.100 casos assistidos em estabelecimentos de saúde habilitados para a alta complexidade em oncologia no âmbito do SUS localizados no Rio de Janeiro entre 2013 e 2019. Regressão logística multivariada estimou razões de chances e intervalos de 95% de confiança. Foram submetidos ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias 82,1% dos casos. Entre aqueles sem histórico de diagnóstico anterior, alta escolaridade e estadiamento III e IV exibiram menor probabilidade de submissão ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias, enquanto tratamento em estabelecimento de saúde não localizado na capital exibiu probabilidade maior. Entre aqueles com histórico de diagnóstico anterior, idade ≥50 anos, raça/cor da pele não branca e estadiamento I exibiram maior probabilidade de submissão ao primeiro tratamento em tempo >60 dias, enquanto alta escolaridade, tratamento em estabelecimento de saúde não localizado na capital e estadiamento IV exibiram probabilidade menor. Em suma, fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e relacionados ao estabelecimento de saúde estão associados ao tempo para submissão ao primeiro tratamento do câncer de mama.

Abstract The present retrospective study investigated factors associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer of a cohort of 12,100 cases of health facilities qualified for high complexity in oncology within the scope of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) of Rio de Janeiro between 2013 and 2019. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of all cases, 82.1% were submitted to the first treatment >60 days. Patients without previous diagnosis history, higher education and in stages III and IV were less likely to have their first treatment >60 days, while treatment at a health facility outside the capital showed a higher probability. Patients with a previous diagnosis history, aged ≥50, non-white race/skin color and in stage I were more likely to be submitted to their first treatment >60 days, while subjects with higher education, treated in a health facility outside the capital and in stage IV showed a lower probability. To summarize, sociodemographic, clinical and health facility-related factors are associated with time-to-treatment initiation of breast cancer.

Suicide among women in Brazil: a necessary discussion from a gender perspective. / Suicídio de mulheres no Brasil: necessária discussão sob a perspectiva de gênero.

Suicide among women is a matter of public health, and there is a lack of scientific literature on this issue. In this theoretical essay, we sought to discuss suicide among women in Brazil from a gender perspective. For that purpose, we adopted the idea that gender extrapolates the concept of sex, considering that differences between people are produced by culture and arrangements through which society transforms biological sexuality into the realizations of human life. Therefore, this article is organized in a way to indicate some explanatory models of suicide among women, discussing gender inequalities and approaching the matter of intersectionality from a protective view. Moreover, we believe that the theme is extremely complex, considering that stigma still resists, as does prejudice related to this issue. Hence, it is of utmost importance to view the structural questions that refer to suicide in women, such as violence and gender inequalities.

O suicídio de mulheres constitui um problema de saúde pública e há escassez de literatura científica que discorra sobre a temática. Neste ensaio teórico, buscou-se discutir o suicídio de mulheres no Brasil, sob a perspectiva de gênero. Para isso, adotou-se a concepção que gênero extrapola o conceito de sexo, tendo em vista que as diferenças entre as pessoas são produzidas pela cultura e arranjos pelos quais uma sociedade transforma a sexualidade biológica em realizações da vida humana. Este texto foi organizado de modo a sinalizar alguns modelos explicativos do suicídio de mulheres, discutindo as desigualdades de gênero e abordando a questão da interseccionalidade a partir de uma visão protetiva. Ademais, acredita-se que o tema abordado é de extrema complexidade, tendo em vista que ainda resistem estigmas e preconceitos referente a este. Assim, urge visibilizar questões estruturais que cercam o suicídio em mulheres, como a violência e as desigualdades de gênero.

Suicídio de mulheres no Brasil: necessária discussão sob a perspectiva de gênero / Suicide among women in Brazil: a necessary discussion from a gender perspective

Resumo O suicídio de mulheres constitui um problema de saúde pública e há escassez de literatura científica que discorra sobre a temática. Neste ensaio teórico, buscou-se discutir o suicídio de mulheres no Brasil, sob a perspectiva de gênero. Para isso, adotou-se a concepção que gênero extrapola o conceito de sexo, tendo em vista que as diferenças entre as pessoas são produzidas pela cultura e arranjos pelos quais uma sociedade transforma a sexualidade biológica em realizações da vida humana. Este texto foi organizado de modo a sinalizar alguns modelos explicativos do suicídio de mulheres, discutindo as desigualdades de gênero e abordando a questão da interseccionalidade a partir de uma visão protetiva. Ademais, acredita-se que o tema abordado é de extrema complexidade, tendo em vista que ainda resistem estigmas e preconceitos referente a este. Assim, urge visibilizar questões estruturais que cercam o suicídio em mulheres, como a violência e as desigualdades de gênero.

Abstract Suicide among women is a matter of public health, and there is a lack of scientific literature on this issue. In this theoretical essay, we sought to discuss suicide among women in Brazil from a gender perspective. For that purpose, we adopted the idea that gender extrapolates the concept of sex, considering that differences between people are produced by culture and arrangements through which society transforms biological sexuality into the realizations of human life. Therefore, this article is organized in a way to indicate some explanatory models of suicide among women, discussing gender inequalities and approaching the matter of intersectionality from a protective view. Moreover, we believe that the theme is extremely complex, considering that stigma still resists, as does prejudice related to this issue. Hence, it is of utmost importance to view the structural questions that refer to suicide in women, such as violence and gender inequalities.

The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019.

Suicide is a complex and multi-determined phenomenon. Higher rates are observed in men and are related to multiple risk factors, including mental disorders, financial crises, unemployment, and easy access to highly lethal means of perpetration, such as firearms. We studied the effects of age, period, and cohort (APC) on total and firearm-related suicides in men in Brazil and its major regions from 1980 to 2019. Death records were extracted from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Mortality Information System. Estimable functions were used to estimate APC models, through the Epi library of the R statistical program, version 4.2.1. During the study period, Brazil had an average rate of 10.22 deaths per 100,000 men. Among regions, rates ranged from 8.62 (Northeast) to 16.93 (South). The same profile was observed in suicides by firearms. After estimating the APC models, we observed a temporal trend of increasing total suicides for Brazil and regions, except for the South region, where the trend was stationary. The trend was downward for firearm suicides for all locations. A positive gradient was observed in the mortality rate with advancing age for total suicides; and peak incidence between 20-29 years, with subsequent stabilization, for suicides perpetrated by firearms. There was a reduction in the risk of death for suicides perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference period (1995-1999) for all locations, except in the North region, where the effect was not significant. The younger generations from the 1960s onwards had a higher risk of death from total suicide and a lower risk for those perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference cohort (1950-1954). We observed a reduction in the mortality trend for suicides perpetrated by firearms, a reduction in the risk of death in the 2000s and for men born after 1960. Our results suggest reducing the risk of death from suicide by firearms in Brazil and regions. However, there is an upward trend in mortality from total suicides in the study period (1980-2019) and for younger cohorts.

Myocardial Injury and Prognosis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Brazil: Results From The Brazilian COVID-19 Registry. / Lesão Miocárdica e Prognóstico em Pacientes Hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil: Resultados do Registro Nacional de COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are important aspects of the disease's pathogenesis and prognosis. Evidence on the prognostic role of troponin and myocardial injury in Latin American hospitalized COVID-19 patients is still scarce. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate myocardial injury as independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation support in hospitalized patients, from the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry. METHODS: This cohort study is a substudy of the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, conducted in 31 Brazilian hospitals of 17 cities, March-September 2020. Primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation support. Models for the primary outcomes were estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance, with statistical significance of p<0.05. RESULTS: Of 2,925 patients (median age of 60 years [48-71], 57.1% men), 27.3% presented myocardial injury. The proportion of patients with comorbidities was higher among patients with cardiac injury (median 2 [1-2] vs. 1 [0-2]). Patients with myocardial injury had higher median levels of brain natriuretic peptide, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein than patients without myocardial injury. As independent predictors, C-reactive protein and platelet counts were related to the risk of death, and neutrophils and platelet counts were related to the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation support. Patients with high troponin levels presented a higher risk of death (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.60-2.58) and invasive mechanical ventilation support (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.57-2.23), when compared to those with normal troponin levels. CONCLUSION: Cardiac injury was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation support in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

FUNDAMENTO: As complicações cardiovasculares da COVID-19 são aspectos importantes da patogênese e do prognóstico da doença. Evidências do papel prognóstico da troponina e da lesão miocárdica em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 na América Latina são ainda escassos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a lesão miocárdica como preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e suporte ventilatório mecânico em pacientes hospitalizados, do registro brasileiro de COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Este estudo coorte é um subestudo do registro brasileiro de COVID-19, conduzido em 31 hospitais brasileiros de 17 cidades, de março a setembro de 2020. Os desfechos primários incluíram mortalidade hospitalar e suporte ventilatório mecânico invasivo. Os modelos para os desfechos primários foram estimados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, com significância estatística de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Dos 2925 pacientes [idade mediana de 60 anos (48-71), 57,1%], 27,3% apresentaram lesão miocárdica. A proporção de pacientes com comorbidades foi maior nos pacientes com lesão miocárdica [mediana 2 (1-2) vs. 1 (0-20)]. Os pacientes com lesão miocárdica apresentaram maiores valores medianos de peptídeo natriurético cerebral, lactato desidrogenase, creatina fosfoquinase, N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B e proteína C reativa em comparação a pacientes sem lesão miocárdica. Como fatores independentes, proteína C reativa e contagem de plaquetas foram relacionados com o risco de morte, e neutrófilos e contagem de plaquetas foram relacionados ao risco de suporte ventilatório mecânico invasivo. Os pacientes com níveis elevados de troponina apresentaram um maior risco de morte (RR 2,03, IC95% 1,60-2,58) e suporte ventilatório mecânico (RR 1,87;IC95% 1,57-2,23), em comparação àqueles com níveis de troponina normais. CONCLUSÃO: Lesão cardíaca foi um preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e necessidade de suporte ventilatório mecânico em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.

Prevalência e fatores associados à violência no trabalho contra residentes multiprofissionais durante a pandemia / Prevalence and factors associated with workplace violence against Brazilian multiprofessional residents during the pandemic

RESUMO Estudo transversal cujo objetivo foi identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência no trabalho (física e/ou verbal) contra residentes multiprofissionais que atuam em um hospital universitário durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Foi desenvolvido um censo, em julho de 2020, com 67 residentes. Dados foram coletados por meio de questionário eletrônico, avaliando-se a violência física e verbal mediante autorrelato. Associações entre a ocorrência de violência vivida durante a pandemia e as variáveis independentes (sociodemográficas, psicoemocionais e atendimento ao paciente com Covid-19) foram analisadas mediante testes estatísticos e Regressão de Poisson (RP) com variância robusta. A prevalência de violência foi de 22,4%. Diferenças entre grupos foram observadas ao comparar as ocupações e o grau de satisfação com a residência, com maior proporção de fisioterapeutas e assistentes sociais, assim como de residentes insatisfeitos entre os que relataram violência (p≤0,005). Após análise de regressão, a violência esteve associada ao aumento da idade (RP=1,25; IC95% 1,12-1,40) e a níveis de ansiedade moderados/graves (RP =2,87; IC 95% 1,12-1,40). Os achados apontam para a necessidade de implementação de medidas institucionais de prevenção e controle da violência no trabalho, considerando os fatores associados durante a pandemia.

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional study which objective was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with workplace violence (physical and/or verbal) against multiprofessional residents working at a Brazilian university hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. A census was developed in July 2020 with 67 residents. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire, evaluating physical and verbal violence through self-report. Associations between the occurrence of violence experienced during the pandemic and independent variables (sociodemographic, psycho-emotional, and patient care with COVID-19) were analyzed using statistical tests and Poisson Regression (PR) with robust variance. Differences between groups were observed when comparing occupations and the degree of satisfaction with the residence, with a higher proportion of physical therapists and social workers, as well as dissatisfied residents among those who reported violence (p≤0.005). After regression analysis, violence was associated with increase in age (PR=1.25; 95%CI 1.12-1.40) and moderate/severe anxiety levels (RP=2.87; 95%CI 1.12-1.40). The findings point to the need to implement institutional measures for the prevention and control of workplace violence considering the factors associated with it during the pandemic.

Estudo exploratório acerca da prevalência do alto risco para eventos coronários na população brasileira: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 / Exploratory study on the prevalence of high risk for coronary events in the Brazilian population: evidence from National Health Survey 2013

Resumo Introdução: As doenças do aparelho circulatório representam a principal causa de adoecimento e mortes na população mundial. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de alto risco para evento coronário (ARC) e os fatores associados na população adulta brasileira. Método: Estudo transversal, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Para os indivíduos classificados em ARC, segundo a primeira fase de estratificação da I Diretriz Brasileira de Prevenção Cardiovascular, avaliou-se a associação dessa condição com variáveis sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e hábitos e estilo de vida. A análise estatística foi realizada em três etapas: descritiva, bivariada e múltipla. Consideraram-se os pesos amostrais e o efeito de desenho do plano de amostragem complexo, utilizando-se da biblioteca survey do programa estatístico R, versão 3.2.2. Resultados: A prevalência de ARC na população brasileira foi de 11,06% (IC95% 10,83-11,29). Observou-se maior proporção de ARC com o avançar da idade, em indivíduos residentes no centro-sul, que autoavaliaram a saúde como ruim/muito ruim, ex-fumantes e hipertensos. Conclusões: A população brasileira apresentou alta prevalência de ARC e, assim, possui mais de 20% de risco de um evento coronário agudo nos próximos dez anos, caso medidas de prevenção e controle não sejam tomadas.

Abstract Background: Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of illness and death in the world population. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of high risk for coronary events (HRC) and associated factors in the Brazilian adult population. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, based on data from the National Health Survey 2013. The association of this condition with sociodemographic, health condition, and habits and lifestyle was evaluated for individuals as in HRC, according to the first stratification phase of the I Brazilian Directive of Cardiovascular Prevention. Statistical analysis was performed in three stages: descriptive; bivariate; and multiple analysis. Sampling weights and design effect of the complex sampling plan were considered, using the survey library of the statistical program R, version 3.2.2. Results: The prevalence of HRC in the Brazilian population was 11.06% (95%CI 10.83-11.29). A higher prevalence of HRC was observed with advancing age, in individuals living in the Central-South, who self-rated their health as poor/very poor, former smokers, and individuals with systemic arterial hypertension. Conclusions: The Brazilian population presented a high prevalence of HRC and, thus, has a more than 20% risk of an acute coronary event in the next ten years, if prevention and control measures are not taken.

Lesão Miocárdica e Prognóstico em Pacientes Hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil: Resultados do Registro Nacional de COVID-19 / Myocardial Injury and Prognosis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Brazil: Results From The Brazilian COVID-19 Registry

Resumo Fundamento As complicações cardiovasculares da COVID-19 são aspectos importantes da patogênese e do prognóstico da doença. Evidências do papel prognóstico da troponina e da lesão miocárdica em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 na América Latina são ainda escassos. Objetivos Avaliar a lesão miocárdica como preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e suporte ventilatório mecânico em pacientes hospitalizados, do registro brasileiro de COVID-19. Métodos Este estudo coorte é um subestudo do registro brasileiro de COVID-19, conduzido em 31 hospitais brasileiros de 17 cidades, de março a setembro de 2020. Os desfechos primários incluíram mortalidade hospitalar e suporte ventilatório mecânico invasivo. Os modelos para os desfechos primários foram estimados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, com significância estatística de p<0,05. Resultados Dos 2925 pacientes [idade mediana de 60 anos (48-71), 57,1%], 27,3% apresentaram lesão miocárdica. A proporção de pacientes com comorbidades foi maior nos pacientes com lesão miocárdica [mediana 2 (1-2) vs. 1 (0-20)]. Os pacientes com lesão miocárdica apresentaram maiores valores medianos de peptídeo natriurético cerebral, lactato desidrogenase, creatina fosfoquinase, N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B e proteína C reativa em comparação a pacientes sem lesão miocárdica. Como fatores independentes, proteína C reativa e contagem de plaquetas foram relacionados com o risco de morte, e neutrófilos e contagem de plaquetas foram relacionados ao risco de suporte ventilatório mecânico invasivo. Os pacientes com níveis elevados de troponina apresentaram um maior risco de morte (RR 2,03, IC95% 1,60-2,58) e suporte ventilatório mecânico (RR 1,87;IC95% 1,57-2,23), em comparação àqueles com níveis de troponina normais. Conclusão Lesão cardíaca foi um preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar e necessidade de suporte ventilatório mecânico em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are important aspects of the disease's pathogenesis and prognosis. Evidence on the prognostic role of troponin and myocardial injury in Latin American hospitalized COVID-19 patients is still scarce. Objectives To evaluate myocardial injury as independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation support in hospitalized patients, from the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry. Methods This cohort study is a substudy of the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry, conducted in 31 Brazilian hospitals of 17 cities, March-September 2020. Primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation support. Models for the primary outcomes were estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance, with statistical significance of p<0.05. Results Of 2,925 patients (median age of 60 years [48-71], 57.1% men), 27.3% presented myocardial injury. The proportion of patients with comorbidities was higher among patients with cardiac injury (median 2 [1-2] vs. 1 [0-2]). Patients with myocardial injury had higher median levels of brain natriuretic peptide, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein than patients without myocardial injury. As independent predictors, C-reactive protein and platelet counts were related to the risk of death, and neutrophils and platelet counts were related to the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation support. Patients with high troponin levels presented a higher risk of death (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.60-2.58) and invasive mechanical ventilation support (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.57-2.23), when compared to those with normal troponin levels. Conclusion Cardiac injury was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation support in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Prevalência e Fatores associados ao Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho e à Síndrome de Burnout entre Profissionais de Enfermagem que Atuam em Oncologia / Prevalence and Factors Associated with Work-Related Stress and Burnout Syndrome among Nursing Professionals Working in Oncology / Prevalencia y Factores Asociados al Estrés Laboral y al Síndrome de Burnout en Profesionales de Enfermería que Actúan en Oncología

Introdução: Os profissionais de enfermagem, ao considerarem o processo relacionado às condições de trabalho, estão expostos a situações que podem desencadear estresse relacionado ao trabalho e síndrome de burnout. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao estresse relacionado ao trabalho e à síndrome de burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em oncologia. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com 231 profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam em Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. O estresse relacionado ao trabalho foi avaliado por meio da escala de estresse no trabalho e a síndrome de burnout pelo Maslach Burnout Inventory. A associação entre os desfechos e as variáveis independentes foi realizada por meio da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Consideraram-se estatisticamente significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de estresse moderado/intenso relacionado ao trabalho foi de 75,8%, e de 38,9% para os profissionais que apresentaram síndrome de burnout. A idade, o histórico de acidente de trabalho e a agressão verbal e física estiveram positivamente associados ao estresse relacionado ao trabalho e à síndrome de burnout. Além disso, o estresse autorreferido foi fator de risco para essa síndrome. Conclusão: Observou-se alta prevalência de estresse relacionado ao trabalho e à síndrome de burnout, cujos desfechos estiveram associados à idade, ao histórico de acidente de trabalho e à violência laboral

Introduction: Nursing professionals are exposed to situations that can trigger work-related stress and burnout syndrome. Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with work-related stress and burnout syndrome among nursing professionals who work in oncology. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out with 231 nursing professionals who worked in a High Complexity Oncology Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Workrelated stress was assessed by means of the work stress scale and burnout syndrome by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The association between outcomes and independent variables was performed through Poisson Regression with robust variance. P-values<0,05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of moderate/intense work-related stress was 75.8%, and 38.9% for the professionals who presented burnout syndrome. Age, work accident history, and verbal and physical aggression were positively associated with work-related stress and burnout syndrome. In addition, self-reported stress was a risk factor for burnout syndrome. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of work-related stress and burnout syndrome, and these outcomes were associated with age, history of work accidents, and workplace violence

Introducción: Los profesionales de enfermería, considerando el proceso ligado a las condiciones de trabajo, están expuestos a situaciones que pueden desencadenar el estrés laboral y el síndrome de burnout. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al estrés laboral y el síndrome de burnout entre profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en oncología. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado con 231 profesionales de enfermería que actuaban en un Centro Oncológico de Alta Complejidad en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. El estrés laboral se evaluó mediante la escala de estrés laboral y el síndrome de burnout mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory. La asociación entre los resultados y las variables independientes se realizó mediante Regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. El valor de p<0,05 se considera estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de estrés laboral de intensidad moderada/intensa fue del 75,8%, y del 38,9% de los profesionales que presentaron síndrome de burnout. La edad, los antecedentes de accidentes laborales y las agresiones verbales y físicas se asociaron positivamente con el estrés laboral y el síndrome de burnout. Además, el estrés declarado por los propios profesionales de enfermería fue un factor de riesgo para el síndrome de burnout. Conclusión: Hubo una alta prevalencia de estrés laboral y síndrome de burnout, y estos resultados se asociaron con la edad, antecedentes de accidentes laborales y violencia laboral

Mortalidade por Câncer do Colo do Útero nos Municípios Nordestinos: Correlação com Indicadores Sociodemográficos / Cervical Cancer Mortality in Northeastern Municipalities: Correlation with Sociodemographic Indicators / Mortalidad por Cáncer de Cuello Uterino en Municipios del Nordeste: Correlación con Indicadores Sociodemográficos

Introdução: A mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero é considerada evitável. Altas taxas e tendência ascendente são observadas no Nordeste do Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero nos municípios do Nordeste do Brasil no período 2015-2019 e sua correlação com indicadores sociodemográficos. Método: Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos junto ao Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do DATASUS. Calcularam-se as taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil mulheres, suavizadas por meio do estimador bayesiano empírico. Avaliou-se a correlação espacial das taxas de mortalidade por meio do índice de Moran global e local. E testou-se a correlação das taxas de mortalidade com os indicadores sociodemográficos por meio da análise bivariada. O mapeamento e as análises foram realizados nos softwares GeoDa e R, e considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: As taxas variaram de 1,0 a 27,2 óbitos por 100 mil mulheres, com as maiores taxas concentradas nos municípios do Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Alagoas e Sergipe. Clusters com alta mortalidade foram observados nos municípios do Maranhão e do Piauí (próximo ao Maranhão), no litoral de Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe e Bahia. Verificou-se associação entre os indicadores socioeconômicos e a mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero. Localidades com os piores indicadores mostram maiores taxas de mortalidade por essa neoplasia. Conclusão: Observaram-se altas taxas de mortalidade nos municípios com piores indicadores sociodemográficos, indicando as limitações do sistema de saúde para reduzir essas taxas nas cidades com menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico.

Introduction: Cervical cancer mortality is considered preventable. High rates and an upward temporal trend and observed in Brazil's Northeast. Objective: To evaluate the spatial distribution of cervical cancer mortality of municipalities in Brazil's Northeast in the period 2015-2019 and its correlation with sociodemographic indicators. Method: Mortality data were obtained from DATASUS Mortality Information System. Mortality rates per 100,000 women were calculated and smoothed using the empirical Bayesian estimator. The spatial correlation of mortality rates was evaluated using the global and local Moran index. Moreover, the correlation between mortality rates and sociodemographic indicators was tested using bivariate analysis. Mapping and analyzes were performed using GeoDa and R software, values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Rates ranged from 1.0 to 27.2 deaths per 100,000 women, with the highest rates concentrated in the municipalities of Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Alagoas, and Sergipe. Clusters with high mortality were observed in the municipalities of Maranhão and Piauí (close to Maranhão) on the coast of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia. An association between socioeconomic indicators and mortality by cervical cancer was found. Municipalities with the worst indicators show higher mortality rates by this neoplasm. Conclusion: High mortality rates were observed in municipalities with the worst sociodemographic indicators, indicating the health system's limitations in reducing these rates in cities with low socioeconomic development.

Introducción: La mortalidad por cáncer de útero se considera prevenible. Se observan tasas elevadas y una tendencia al alza en el Nordeste de Brasil. Objetivo: Evaluar la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en municipios del Nordeste de Brasil en el período 2015-2019 y su correlación con indicadores sociodemográficos. Método: Los datos de mortalidad se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad DATASUS. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad por 100 000 mujeres, suavizadas mediante el estimador empírico bayesiano. La correlación espacial de las tasas de mortalidad se evaluó mediante el índice de Moran global y local. Y se probó la correlación entre las tasas de mortalidad y los indicadores sociodemográficos mediante análisis bivariado. El mapeo y los análisis se realizaron utilizando los softwares GeoDa y R, y valores de p<0,05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: Las tasas oscilaron entre 1,0 y 27,2 muertes por 100 000 mujeres, con las mayores tasas concentradas en los municipios de Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Alagoas y Sergipe. Se observaron conglomerados con alta mortalidad en los municipios de Maranhão y Piauí (cerca de Maranhão), en el litoral de Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe y Bahia. Hubo una asociación entre los indicadores socioeconómicos y la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino. Las localidades con peores indicadores presentan mayores tasas de mortalidad por esta neoplasia Conclusión: Se observaron altas tasas de mortalidad en los municipios con peores indicadores sociodemográficos, lo que indica las limitaciones del sistema de salud para reducir estas tasas en los municipios con menor desarrollo socioeconómico.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19: evidence beyond the hype.

BACKGROUND: The role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 is still under debate, yet the drug has been widely used in some parts of the world, as shown by impressive market data. The available body of evidence may have changed over the last months, as studies have been retracted and "standards of care" (SOC) used in control groups have changed with rapidly evolving knowledge on COVID-19. This review aims to summarize and critically appraise the evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ivermectin, assessing clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: RCTs evaluating the effects of ivermectin in adult patients with COVID-19 were searched through June 22, 2022, in four databases, L.OVE platform, clinical trial registries and pre-prints platforms. Primary endpoints included all-cause mortality and invasive ventilation requirement. Secondary endpoint was the occurrence of adverse events. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Meta-analysis included only studies which compared ivermectin to placebo or SOC. Random-effects were used to pool the risk ratios (RRs) of individual trials. The quality of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. The protocol was register in PROSPERO (CRD42021257471). RESULTS: Twenty-five RCTs fulfilled inclusion criteria (n = 6310). Of those, 14 compared ivermectin with placebo, in night ivermectin associated with SOC was compared to SOC and two studies compared ivermectin to an active comparator. Most RCTs had some concerns or high risk of bias, mostly due to lack of concealment of the randomization sequence and allocation, lack of blinding and high number of missing cases. Ivermectin did not show an effect in reducing mortality (RR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.52-1.11) or mechanical ventilation (RR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.48-1.16). This effect was consistent when comparing ivermectin vs. placebo, and ivermectin associated with SOC vs. SOC, as well as in sensitivity analysis. Additionally, there was very low quality of evidence regarding adverse effects (RR = 1.07; 95%CI: 0.84-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that ivermectin does not reduce mortality risk and the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement. Although we did not observe an increase in the risk of adverse effects, the evidence is very uncertain regarding this endpoint.

Inequalities in Temporal Effects on Cervical Cancer Mortality in States in Different Geographic Regions of Brazil: An Ecological Study.

Cervical cancer is a public health issue with high disease burden and mortality in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were, firstly, to analyze age, period, and cohort effects on cervical cancer mortality in women 20 years old or older from 1980 to 2019 in the North, South, and Southeast Regions of Brazil; and secondly, to evaluate whether the implementation of a national screening program and the expansion of access to public health services impacted the examined period and reduced the risk of death compared with previous years and among younger cohorts. The effects were estimated by applying Poisson regression models with estimable functions. The highest mortality rate per 100,000 women was found in Amazonas (24.13), and the lowest in São Paulo (10.56). A positive gradient was obtained for death rates as women's age increased. The states in the most developed regions (South and Southeast) showed a reduction in the risk of death in the period that followed the implementation of the screening program and in the cohort from the 1960s onwards. The North Region showed a decreased risk of death only in Amapá (2000-2004) and Tocantins (1995-2004; 2010-2019). The findings indicate that health inequities remain in Brazil and suggest that the health system has limitations in terms of decreasing mortality associated with this type of cancer in regions of lower socioeconomic development.

Completeness of cervical cancer staging information in Brazil: A national hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer staging information in Hospital Cancer Registries (HCR) is essential for cancer care quality evaluations. This study aimed to analyze the completeness of cervical cancer staging in Brazilian HCR and identify individual and contextual factors associated with unknown staging. METHODS: The outcome analyzed was missing or unknown staging (Malignant Tumor Classification System and/or International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) in 2006-2015. Individual data on cancer cases were collected from the HCR Integrator. Contextual variables were collected from the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, the National Registry of Health Facilities, and the Outpatient Information System. The random intercept multilevel Poisson regression model was performed to identify the factors associated with the outcome. RESULTS: The prevalence of unknown staging data was 32.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.1-32.7). Women aged 18-29 years (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.42-1.54), referred by the public health system (PR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21), living in states with a low density of oncologists (PR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.62-1.79), and with a low cytopathological testing rate (PR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.57-1.82) showed a higher prevalence of unknown tumor staging data. A lower level of education (PR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.98) was associated with complete staging data. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and contextual factors were associated with missing staging data. It is necessary to improve information on cancer in the HCRs by improving the awareness and training of Brazilian cancer care professionals.

Prevalence and factors associated with Work-Related Stress and Burnout syndrome among nursing professionals working in oncology: / Prevalência e fatores associados ao Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho e a síndrome de Burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em oncologia:

Objectives: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with work-related stress and Burnout syndrome among nursing professionals working in oncology. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done with 231 nursing professionals who worked at a High Complexity Oncology Center in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from December 2013 to June 2015. Work-related stress was assessed using the Workplace Stress Scale and Burnout syndrome by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: The prevalence of Work-Related Stress of moderate/intense intensity was 75.8% and 38.9% of professionals had Burnout Syndrome. There was an increase in the prevalence of Work-Related Stress with advancing age [40-49, PR:1.61 (95%CI:1.01-2.55) and ≥ 50 years, PR:1.78 (95%CI: %:1.10-2.90)], with a positive history of accident [PR:1.29 (CI95%:1.06-1.60)] and physical or verbal aggression [PR:1.50 (CI95% :1.24-1.82)] during hospital work. The presence of Burnout syndrome was also associated with these variables, in addition to self-reported stress [PR:1.14 (95%CI:1.05-1.23)].  Conclusion: Work-related stress and Burnout syndrome were associated with antecedents related to the work environment and age, showing common variables in the occurrence of these comorbidities.

Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência e fatores associados ao Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho e a síndrome de Burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em oncologia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 231 profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam em um Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de dezembro de 2013 a junho de 2015. O estresse relacionado ao trabalho foi avaliado por meio da Escala de Estresse no Trabalho e a síndrome de Burnout pelo Maslach Burnout Inventory. Resultados: a prevalência de Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho de intensidade moderada/intensa foi de 75,8% e 38,9% dos profissionais apresentaram síndrome de Burnout. Observou-se aumento da prevalência do Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho com o avançar da idade [40-49, RP:1,61 (IC95%:1,01-2,55) e ≥ 50 anos, RP:1,78 (IC95%:1,10-2,90)], com histórico positivo de acidente [RP:1,29 (IC95%:1,06-1,60)] e agressão física ou verbal [RP:1,50 (IC95%:1,24-1,82)] durante o trabalho hospitalar. A presença de síndrome de Burnout também esteve associada a essas variáveis, além de estresse autorreferido [RP:1,14 (IC95%:1,05-1,23)]. Conclusão: o Estresse Relacionado ao Trabalho e a síndrome de Burnout se associaram a antecedentes relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho e a idade, evidenciando variáveis comuns na ocorrência dessas comorbidades.    

[Prevalence and factors associated to advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado.

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis among 18,890 women assisted in a specialized hospital in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2016. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The highest prevalence of diagnosis in this condition was in women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years, black and brown, living without a partner, from other cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, who were referred by the Unified Health System and diagnosed in the 1999-2004 and 2005-2010 six-year periods. On the other hand, women aged 60-69 and 70-99 years, with some schooling level, with a family history of cancer and who arrived at the hospital with diagnosis and without treatment had lower prevalence of advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis. These results can be considered when planning secondary prevention actions to anticipate and, thus, collaborate to reduce the prevalence the breast cancer diagnosis in the most vulnerable groups.

Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado.

Exposição ocupacional e câncer: uma revisão guarda-chuva / Occupational exposure and cancer: an umbrella review

Resumo Objetivo: fornecer uma visão geral das associações entre exposição ocupacional e risco da ocorrência ou morte por câncer. Métodos: esta revisão guarda-chuva da literatura utilizou as bases Medline e Web of Science. A partir de protocolo de busca, foram incluídas metanálises para diversas circunstâncias ocupacionais e cânceres selecionados que possuíssem algum nível de evidência para associação com ocupação. Resultados: foram incluídas 37 metanálises, abrangendo 18 localizações de câncer. Considerando a avaliação da heterogeneidade dos estudos, da qualidade da evidência e da força de associação, obteve-se evidências altamente sugestivas de associações entre exposição a solvente e mieloma múltiplo; amianto e câncer de pulmão; hidrocarbonetos e câncer de trato aerodigestivo superior; e estresse ocupacional e câncer colorretal. Conclusão: há evidências robustas para associar exposições ocupacionais e tipos de câncer não previstos, inicialmente, nas orientações de vigilância do câncer relacionado ao trabalho no Brasil. Permanecem lacunas sobre exposições de grande relevância, que carecem de metanálises mais consistentes, por exemplo, exposição a poeiras inorgânicas e câncer de pulmão e mesotelioma; exposição a solventes e tumores hematológicos. Evidências de câncer em outras regiões anatômicas foram menos robustas, apresentando indícios de incerteza ou viés.

Abstract Objective: to provide an overview of the associations between occupational exposure and risk of occurrence or death from cancer. Methods: this umbrella review used the Medline and Web of Science databases. Based on the search protocol, meta-analysis was included for several occupational circumstances and selected cancers that had some level of evidence associated with the occupation. Results: 37 meta-analysis were included, covering 18 cancer locations. By assessing the heterogeneity of studies, quality of evidence, and strength of association, results highly indicated associations between solvent exposure and multiple myeloma, asbestos and lung cancer, hydrocarbons and upper aerodigestive tract cancer, occupational stress and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: robust evidence shows an association between occupational exposures and types of cancer not initially foreseen in the guidelines for work-related cancer surveillance in Brazil. Gaps in relevant exposures require further research and more consistent meta-analysis, including: exposure to inorganic dust and lung cancer and mesothelioma; solvents and hematological tumors. Evidence of cancer in other anatomical regions was less robust, showing signs of uncertainty or bias.